Electrostatics : charges and fields, the electric potential; electric current; the magnetic fields, electric field in matter. Photoelectric effect, Einstein's explanation and quantum theory of the hydrogen atom. Radioactive decay law derivation.

Linked data representation, Recursion, Modularity and data abstraction, Software engineering concepts, analysis and algorithms, Linear data structures – stacks and queues, Lists, strings and memory allocation, Trees, Graphs, Hashing and tables, External collection of data, Sorting, Advanced recursion, Object oriented programming, Advanced software engineering concepts.

Difference equations, application of the z-transform to the solution of linear difference equation, transfer functions of discrete-data systems, state equations: discrete state equations, z-transform solution, stability of discrete data systems, state equations: discrete state equations, z-transform solution, stability of discrete data systems, stability tests of discrete data systems, time domain properties of discrete data systems: time response, steady state error analysis, frequency domain analysis of discrete data systems.

Encoders, decoders, multiplexers, adders, fundamental of computer Architecture and organization, the computer system, memory, input /output, operating system support, CPU, CPU function, instruction sets, Pentium processor.

Transfer function representation of typical control systems, state space modeling, solution of the state equations, evaluation and use of the state transition matrix, low – order system and modeling techniques, computer simulation: numerical methods, conversion to state variable form, simulation and step inputs, vector matrix methods, Analog simulation: designing the computer circuit, magnitude scale factors, choice of time scale, a general procedure.

Introduction to object oriented programming (encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, constructors and destructors). Classes and objects Arrays, pointers and references, functions and operator overloading, inheritance, virtual functions and polymorphism, templates, and exception handling.

Basic data acquisition and distribution systems, physical parameters, transducers, amplifiers, filters, analog multiplexers and actuators, quantizing theory and quantization noise, sampling theory and aperture time, frequency folding and aliasing, sample –hold circuits and their settling time, data converter codes, Digital- to analog converters, Analog to digital converters : successive approximation, flash, and integrating A/D types, voltage reference, circuits, data converter errors and error budget.

Lab. Covers Experiments related to sequential logic design, microprocessor programming and interfacing, computer logic organization, Operating systems, microcontrollers, digital electronics, Practical applications in the filed of automation. 

Overview, computer system structure, operating system structure, processor, CPU processing, real time scheduling, algorithm evaluation, process synchronization, deadlocks, memory management, storage management, file systems, secondary storage systems, protection and security, case  studies.